Children of the Revolution Page 67

  classical music 399, 400

  comic opera 194–5

  music hall 406–7

  opera 181, 194

  popular concerts 180–81

  singing clubs 180, 406

  in Italy 201, 202

  German 206

  Musset, Alfred de, writer 6, 147

  mutual aid societies 99–100

  Nabis 395–6

  Nadaud, Martin, workers’ leader 95–7

  Nancy manifesto (1865) 89, 291

  Naples, Kingdom of 20, 33

  Napoleon I

  early career 5, 19–20, 199

  seizes power (1799) 27

  consul 28–31

  emperor 31–8

  and art 182–3

  and Madame de Staël 159, 205

  and Jews 126–7

  deposed (1814) 38–9

  Hundred Days (1815) 6, 40–42, 44, 46, 72

  deposed (1815) 42, 43

  exile on St Helena 6

  black legend 27

  cult of 47–8, 57–8

  see also Empire, First

  Napoleon II 37, 50

  Napoleon III

  early career 57

  elected president (1848) 56, 58

  seizes power (1851) 8, 9, 10, 59

  emperor (1852) 8, 61

  liberal reforms 63–5

  foreign policy 63, 202–3, 226

  defeated and deposed (1870) 65, 230–31

  death (1873)

  see also Empire, Second

  Naquet, Alfred, politician 252, 263, 353, 370

  Narbonne

  commune in (1871) 242, 289

  winegrowers’ revolt in (1907) 284, 316–17, 432

  Narbonne, Louis de 142, 159

  Natanson brothers, art critics 275

  National Council of French Women 385

  nationality law (1889) 318

  Naturalism 392, 394, 396

  Naudet, Abbé Paul 355

  Necker, Jacques, banker and minister 5, 142

  Nelson, Horatio, Lord 20

  Nerval, Gérard de, writer 170, 171, 181, 223

  Netherlands, under French rule 5, 20, 25

  newspapers see press

  Ney, Marshal Michel 32, 34, 38–9, 41, 43, 4, 115

  Niboyet, Eugénie, feminist 161, 163

  Nicholas I, tsar of Russia (1825–55) 217–18

  Nicholas II, tsar of Russia (1894–1917) 421

  Nijinsky, Vaslav, Russian dancer 400

  Nîmes 127–8

  nobility

  and the Revolution 144

  imperial 35, 115–16

  part of social elite 116, 335–6, 441

  Nodier, Charles, writer 169, 170

  Noël, Émile, freethinker 347

  Nord

  agriculture in 92, 315

  industry in 317, 318, 320

  religious practice in 124

  Normandy

  counter-revolution in 26, 30

  agriculture in 314

  resorts in 87–8

  Novi, battle of (1799) 25

  Offenbach, Jacques, musician 181, 194–5

  Offenstadt brothers, publishers 405

  Olivier, Juste, critic 178

  Ollivier, Émile, politician

  commissar of the Republic (1848) 55

  and Second Empire 62–5, 166

  labour law (1864) 100–101

  and decentralization 90, 291

  and war of 1870 229–30

  Orgères, bande d’ 22

  Orient, Voyages to the 219–26

  Orléans, Duc d’ (d. 1842) 54, 106, 186

  Orléans, Duc d’, pretender 276, 277

  Orleanists

  in Second Republic 59

  in Second Empire 62

  in Third Republic 246, 248–50, 251

  Orsini plot (1858) 63

  Ottoman Empire

  and revolutionary–Napoleonic wars 20, 219

  and French travellers 219–20, 223–4

  and viceroy of Egypt (1840) 221

  and Suez Canal 225–6

  Ozanam, Frédéric, Catholic democrat 136–7, 350

  painting 181–7, 188, 196–8, 390, 392–3, 395–7, 440–41

  Pams, Jules, politician 287

  Panama scandal (1892) 265, 274, 283

  Pankhurst, Emmeline 386, 387

  Pankhurst, Christabel 386

  Papal States

  in restoration Italy 201

  Italian occupation of (1870) 337

  Pape-Carpentier, Marie, educationist 151

  Paray-le-Monial, shrine 338

  Parent-Duchâtelet, Alexandre 80–81

  Paris

  Allies in (1814–15) 38, 42–3

  population of 79–80, 84

  crime and prostitution in 80–81

  in literature 81–2

  Revolution of 1830 50, 82

  revolt of 1832 4, 52, 100

  Revolution of 1848 8, 9, 54, 82

  rebuilding of 83–4, 87, 179

  migration to 314, 321, 324, 347

  administration of 68, 86, 290, 292

  religious practice in 123, 347

  as a cultural capital 391, 442

  siege of 1870 –71 230

  see also June Days, Commune, Faubourg Saint-Germain

  Paris, Comte de, Orleanist, pretender 262, 263

  Parti Ouvrier (1879) 258, 259, 267, 270

  Parti Ouvrier Socialiste Révolutionnaire (Allemanist) 266

  Parti Socialiste de France (Guesdist) 281

  Parti Socialiste Français (Jaurésist) 281, 283

  Pas-de-Calais

  agriculture in 315

  industry in 322

  religious practice in 124

  Pasdeloup, Jules-Étienne, musician 236

  Pathé, Charles, film-maker 408

  Paul-Boncour, Joseph, politician 307–8, 359

  peasantry

  and landholding 41–3, 312–13

  and marriage 154–5

  and rural industry 94, 313

  migration of 94–5, 313–14

  organization of 315–16

  and politics 58, 256

  and the priesthood 120

  and war 438–9

  Péguy, Charles, writer 13, 274, 362, 363, 427–9, 430, 433

  death of (1914) 14, 437–9

  Pelleport, Pierre de, soldier 115

  Pelletan, Camille, politician 357, 424

  Pelletier, Madeleine, feminist 12, 379–80, 386, 388

  Pellieux, General de 276

  Pelloutier, Fernand, anarcho-syndicalist 269, 270, 282

  Perdiguier, Agricol, labour militant 92–3, 96–7

  Péreire, Émile and Isaac, promoters 87, 113–14

  Périer, Casimir, financier and politician 46, 51, 99, 112–13, 116

  Persigny, Victor, adventurer and politician 60

  petite bourgeoisie

  artisans and shopkeepers 101–3, 154, 323, 440

  white-collar workers 103–4, 324–6, 440

  Peugeot, Armand, car manufacturer 333

  Philippon, Charles, caricaturist 175–6

  Picard, Père François, Assumptionist 338

  Picasso, Pablo, artist 400–401

  Pichegru, General Charles 24, 31

  Picquart, Colonel Georges 273, 284

  pilgrimages 61, 363

  Pinagot, Louis-François, clogmaker, 93

  Piou, Jacques, politician 352, 355

  Pissarro, Camille, artist 12, 396, 398

  Pius IX, Pope (1846–78) 130, 139, 337

  Pius X, Pope (1903–14) 362

  Plombières meeting (1858) 88

  Poincaré, Raymond, politician 11, 13, 284, 286–7, 433–4, 435

  Poland

  Grand Duchy of Warsaw 33, 34

  revolt in (1830) 134

  Polignac, Edmond de 31, 335, 349

  Polignac, Jules 31

  Polignac, Princesse de 335, 399–400

  Poniatowski, Marshal Jozéf 35

  Ponson du Terrail, Pierre Alexis, writer, 1
93

  Portugal, partition of (1807) 37

  Possibilists 259–60

  Potin, Félix, grocer 103

  Pouget, Émile, anarchist 269, 282

  Poutret de Mauchamps, Marie-Madeleine, feminist 160

  Pouyer-Quertier, Augustin, industrialist and politician 62, 112, 160

  prefects see centralization, administrative

  press

  censorship of 187

  freedom of 4, 45

  development of 173, 176, 192–3, 404–5

  circulation of 175–7, 192–3, 404–5

  prostitution 80–81, 157–8, 209

  Protestants

  persecution of 127

  and French Revolution 127

  and White Terror 128

  and July Revolution 128

  in Alsace 125

  in the Cévennes 127–8, 348–9

  and moral education 140, 343

  and moderate politics 342

  anti-Protestantism 356

  and Separation of Church and state 341, 359

  Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph, anarchist

  elected 1848 57

  and June Days 10

  and women 184–6

  Proudhonism 235, 241, 353, 375

  Proust, Marcel, writer 12, 274, 336, 401–2

  Provence 88, 297–8

  Prussia

  and revolutionary–Napoleonic wars 20, 33

  and crisis of 1840 206, 221

  and war of 1870 229–39

  Psichari, Ernest, soldier and writer 14, 362, 363, 430, 432, 433, 439

  Pujo, Maurice, royalist militant 277

  Pyot, Félix, republican 55

  Pyramids, battle of the (1798) 6, 20

  Quatrebarbes, Comte Théodore de, royalist 74–5

  Quinet, Edgar, writer and academic 6, 9

  on Germany 205–6

  on Italy 202

  on Jesuits 136, 138

  on the army 411

  Rachel see Félix, Élisa-Rachel

  Racing Club de France (1892) 408

  Radical and Radical-Socialist Party (1901) 279–80, 283, 285–6, 287–8, 293, 358–9

  railways see transport

  Rainouard, Henriette see Caillaux, Henriette

  Ralliement, the 251–3, 276,

  Ramel, General de (killed 1815) 43, 73

  Ranvier, Gabriel, revolutionary 237

  Raspail, François, revolutionary 54, 56, 58, 253

  Ravachol, anarchist 269

  reading public, 173 7 403–6

  Realism 11, 190–91, 196, 311–12, 393

  Récamier, Madame Jeanne-Françoise 30, 304

  regicides 42, 44, 51–2

  regionalism see decentralization

  Régnier, Henri, poet 394

  Reichshoffen, battle of (1870) 429

  Reille, Baron, industrialist and politician 268

  Reille, Baroness, nationalist 385

  Reinach, Jacques de, banker 265

  Reinach, Joseph, politician 252, 265, 273, 274, 275, 349, 355–6

  Rémusat, Augustin de, administrator 36, 39, 48

  Rémusat, Charles de, politician 7, 39, 48, 52, 53, 54, 55, 57, 58, 60, 248

  Rémusat, Claire de, courtier 36

  Renan, Ernest, writer and academic 10, 11, 14, 109–10, 129–30

  Life of Jesus 139–40, 152, 192, 224–5, 236

  on Germany 207

  after 1870 246, 341, 398

  What is a Nation? 412–13, 430

  statue of 359

  Renan, Henriette 109, 151–2, 224–5

  Renaud, Élisabeth, feminist 38, 388

  Renauld, Ernest, polemicist 356

  Renault, Louis, car manufacturer 334

  Republic, First (1792–1804)

  see Jacobin dictatorship, Directory, Consulate

  Republic, Second (1848–52)

  founded 54–5

  conservative (1849–51) 56–9, 84–5

  authoritarian (1851–2) 59–61

  republicans in Second Empire 62, 90

  weakness 255

  Republic, Third (1870–1940)

  proclaimed 231

  Government of National Defence (1870–71) 231–8

  presidency of Thiers (1871–3) 247–8

  Moral Order (1873–7) 151, 248–50, 291, 381

  constitution of 1875 250–52

  republican victory (1877–9) 252–4

  Opportunist hegemony (1879–93) 254–65

  political system of 254–6, 292–4

  education reforms of 339–45, 358–9

  Boulanger Affair (1887–9) 260–65

  class war (1893–8) 265–73

  Dreyfus Affair (1897–9) 273–8

  republican defence (1899–1906) 278–84

  apaisement (1906–14) 285–7

  Union Sacrée (1914) 287–8