Children of the Revolution Page 64

  café-concerts see music

  Caillaux, Henriette 286, 288, 371

  trial of (1914) 288, 371

  Caillaux, Joseph, politician 11–12, 278, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288, 331, 371, 430–31, 434

  Caillavet, Léontine, salon hostess 331, 371

  Callais, Nina de, salon hostess 393

  Cambacérès, Jean-Jacques-Régis de, politician 28, 32

  Cambon, Jules, diplomat 330–31

  Cambon, Paul, diplomat 330–31

  Cambry, Jacques, prefect 69–70

  Camisards 127–8

  Camp, Maxime du, writer 79, 82, 188, 189, 259

  Campo Formio, Treaty of (1797) 20

  Canning, Stratford, diplomat 225–6

  Carette, Henri, socialist 302

  caricature, political 175–6

  Carmaux 267–8, 302, 318, 320

  Carnot, Hippolyte, republican 58, 89, 90

  Carnot, Lazare, revolutionary 24, 31, 40, 44, 58

  Carnot, Sadi, president of the Republic 262, 264, 269, 272, 318

  Carrel, Armand, journalist 52, 176

  Carvalho, Léo, impresario 194

  Casiero, Santo Geronimo, anarchist 269

  Casimir-Périer, Auguste, politician 248, 251

  Casimir-Périer, Jean, president of the Republic (1894–5) 272

  Cassagnac, Paul de, journalist 247–8, 263

  Cassano, battle of (1799) 21

  Castellane, Boni de, playboy 335, 371

  Cathelineau, Henri de, Vendean leader 291

  Catherine the Great 215

  Catholic Church

  reform of Civil Constitution of the Clergy (1790) 4, 22, 122, 125, 129, 360

  oath to Civil Constitution of the Clergy (1791) 4, 122, 124, 125, 129

  and sale of Church land 4, 91–2

  and dechristianization 22, 24

  and revival after the Revolution 8, 119–22, 131–3

  and Concordat (1802) 6, 12, 29, 32, 118, 121, 132, 245, 305, 340, 344

  attacked in 1830 122, 133

  and liberty 134–6, 138–9, 343

  and democracy 123, 354–5

  and minority language 297, 304–5

  patterns of religious practice 122–31, 345–9

  and popular religion 122, 129–31

  recruitment and training of priests 120–21

  religious congregations 149–50, 342, 345, 348, 358–9, 360

  and Second Empire 138

  and war of 1870 231, 337,

  and Paris Commune 243–4, 337

  and Moral Order (1873–7) 338–9

  and attacks under Third Republic 10, 280, 283, 339–45, 358–60

  and the Ralliement 350–55

  and Separation of Church and state (1905) 12, 14, 284, 340, 359–60, 441

  and renaissance after Separation 14, 361–3

  Cavaignac, Eugène, soldier and dictator 8, 56, 58

  Cavaignac, Godefroy, republican militant 7, 52, 55

  Cavaignac, Godefroy, politician 275

  centralization, administrative 6

  law of 1800 6, 68

  buckles (1815) 71–3

  in Second Republic 84–5

  in Second Empire 86–7

  buckles (1870–71) 233–4, 242, 289, 290

  in Third Republic 290, 302–3, 307–8, 440

  Cévennes 127–8, 298, 348–9

  Chailley-Bert, Joseph, colonialist, 421

  Chambord, Comte de, Legitimist pretender 249–50, 257, 351

  Chambrun, Comte de, royalist 272

  Champfl eury, art critic 196

  Chaplin, Charlie 408

  Chaptal, Jean-Antoine, scientist and politician 68–9

  Charcot, Jean-Martin, scientist 379

  Charette de la Contrie, Athanase, Vendean leader 291, 337, 351

  Charlemagne, model for Napoleon 32–3

  Charles, archduke of Austria 21

  Charles X, king of France 31, 42, 43, 46, 47, 74, 114, 133, 169, 170, 186, 249

  Charles-Brun, Jean, regionalist 300–301, 307

  Charlet, Nicholas-Toussaint, artist 48, 184

  Chartres 92, 338, 351

  Chateaubriand, François-René de

  and Revolution 5, 29

  visits America 211, 212, 213

  and Napoleon 30, 31

  visits Holy Land 220

  at Restoration 45, 46

  Atala 168, 211

  Genius of Christianity 6, 131–2, 168

  Chatrian, Alexandre, writer 295

  Chatrousse, Émile, sculptor 414

  Chevalier, Michel, economist 108

  Chesnelong, Pierre-Charles, royalist 249

  Chevreuse, Duchesse de 36

  China 418

  Chopin, Frédéric, composer 148

  chouannerie 67, 72, 75

  Clemenceau, Georges

  early life 63

  marriage 256, 330

  mayor of Montmartre 240–41, 330

  radical critic of the Republic 258–9, 260

  and Boulangism 261, 262, 263–4

  and Dreyfus Affair 273, 274

  ‘first cop in France’ 283–4, 316–17

  prime minister 28–5

  and centralization 307–8

  and feminism 389

  and society 398

  and colonies 417, 418, 430–31

  Clément, Jean-Baptiste, songwriter 302

  Clermont-Ferrand 334, 361

  cinema 407–8

  Civil Code (1804) 144, 154, 366

  centenary of 386

  Clichy incident (1891) 269

  Coignet, Jean-Roch, Napoleonic soldier 34, 41

  colonial lobby 421–2, 425

  colonies

  North Africa 416–17, 422, 425–6, 431, 443

  sub-Saharan Africa 416–17, 421, 422, 423, 424, 433, 443

  Indo-China 418, 425, 443

  see also Fashoda crisis, Morocco crises

  colporteurs 175

  Combes, Émile, politician 282–3, 294, 330, 358–9, 424–5

  Comité des Forges 112, 334, 335

  Comité Flamand de France 301

  Commentry 302

  Communards, amnesty of 252, 258, 259, 279

  Commune, Paris (1871) 9, 10, 11, 229, 236, 240–45

  compagnonnage 96–7, 99, 163

  Compayré, Gabriel, educationist 344

  Concordat see Catholic Church

  Condé, Prince de 29, 31

  Confédération Générale du Travail (1895) 270, 282, 284–5, 287, 434, 435, 436

  congregations, religious see Catholic Church

  Constans, Ernest, politician 264

  Constant, Benjamin, liberal 5, 30, 40, 46, 143, 159

  constitution

  (1793) 23

  (1795) 23

  (1799) 27–8

  (1802) 28, 30

  (1804) 31

  (1814 Charter) 39, 42, 107

  (1830) 50

  (1848) 56

  (1852) 59

  (1870) 9, 65

  (1875) 250–51

  Consulate (1799–1804) 28–31

  Cooper, James Fenimore, writer 91, 171

  Coppée, François, writer 277

  Corsica 79

  Cotte, Gilbert, miners’ leader 322

  Courbet, Gustave, artist 11, 196, 241

  Couriau, Emma and Louis, printworkers 375

  Courteline, Georges, writer 419

  Cousin, Victor, educationist, 109

  Couture, Thomas, artist 186–7

  Crédit Foncier 87

  Crédit Immobilier 113–14

  Crédit Lyonnais 334–5

  Crédit Mobilier 87, 13–14

  Crémieux, Adolphe, politician 106

  Crémieux, Gaston, revolutionary 233, 234, 242, 290

  Creuse 95, 97, 120, 124

  Cubism 400

  Cunéo d’Ornano, Gustave, Bonapartist 276

  Curie, Marie, scientist 378–9

  Curie, Pierre, scientist 378–9

  Custine, Astolf de, writer 216–17
<
br />   cycling 409

  Dalou, Jules, sculptor 264, 279

  Danton, Georges, revolutionary 260

  Darboy, Mgr, archbishop of Paris 243–4

  Darien, Georges, antimilitarist 12, 419

  Dartigues, J.-P., doctor 367–8

  Daubié, Julie, writer 152, 166

  Daudet, Alphonse, writer 11, 105, 295, 391, 392

  Daudet, Julia, salon hostess 391

  Daudet, Léon, politician 397

  Daumier, Honoré, artist 160, 176, 182

  David, Jacques-Louis, artist 6, 182–3, 184, 185

  Davout, Marshal Louis 35

  Deauville 87

  Debraux, Émile, songwriter 48

  Debussy, Claude, composer 12, 394, 399, 400

  Decadence see Symbolism

  Decaves, Lucien, antimilitarist 419

  Decazes, Elie, politician 44–5, 46, 73, 94, 114

  Decazeville 94, 320

  decentralization

  in the Second Republic 85–6

  in the Second Empire 89–90, 291

  in the Third Republic 201–2, 291–2, 297–301, 306–8, 440

  Degas, Édouard, artist 197, 392, 393

  Delacroix, Eugène, artist 8, 172, 185–6, 187, 188

  Delaunay, Robert, artist 400

  Delcassé, Théophile, politician 421, 430

  Delécluze, Étienne-Jean, art critic 184, 196

  Delescluze, Charles, revolutionary 9, 52, 55, 64, 106, 237, 241, 243, 258

  Denis, Maurice, artist 12, 395, 396

  department stores 103, 323–4

  Deroin, Jeanne, feminist 161, 162, 163

  Déroulède, Paul, nationalist 261, 263, 264, 276, 277, 279, 384, 397, 415, 417, 420, 428, 435

  Descaves, Lucien, antimilitarist 12, 397, 409

  Desgranges, Henri, promoter 409

  Desraismes, Maria, feminist 10, 166, 370, 381–2

  Detourbey, Marie-Anne see Loynes, Comtesse de

  Diaghilev, Serge, impresario 400

  Diavolo, Fra, Italian monk 21

  Diderot, Denis 149

  Didon, Father, Dominican 13

  Dillon, Count Arthur, royalist 263, 264

  Directory, French (1795–9) 19–27

  Divorce

  law of 1792 4, 143, 370

  Civil Code and 144

  law of 1816 144

  law of 1884 10, 353, 370–71

  Dollfus, Jean, industrialist 111–12

  domestic service 95, 155

  Dorval, Marie, actress 147, 171, 178

  Dostoevsky, Fyodor, writer 420

  Doumer, Paul, politician 425

  Doumergue, Gaston, politician 288

  Dreikaiserbund 419

  Dreyfus

  Alfred (d. 1935) 127, 273–9, 296, 349, 354, 355

  Henriette (d. 1931) 296

  Jacob (d.1838) 127

  Jacques 127, 296, 349

  Léon (d. 1911) 127

  Lucie (d. 1945) 278, 349

  Mathieu (d. 1930) 127, 273, 355

  Raphaël (d. 1893) 127, 296

  Dreyfus Affair 11, 12, 13, 14, 273–9, 332, 355–7

  and French art 398–9, 401

  and international crisis 422–3

  Drouet, Juliette, actress 166, 171

  Drumont, Édouard, anti-Semite 265, 275, 353–4, 355, 356, 363

  Dubourg, Arthur 368

  Ducray-Duminil, Guillaume, writer 175

  Dumas, Alexandre, fils 11, 158, 187–8, 368, 370, 381, 383, 391, 398

  Dumas, Alexandre, père 8, 106, 170–72, 173, 217–18

  Dumay, Jean-Baptiste, labour militant 101

  Dupanloup, Félix, bishop of Orléans 109, 123, 153, 414–15

  Durand, Marguerite, feminist 12, 383–4, 388

  Duras, Duc and Duchesse de 116

  Durkheim, Émile, sociologist 349

  Duruy, Victor, education minister 153

  École Centrale de Commerce et de l’Industrie 333, 334

  École des Mines 104

  École des Ponts et Chaussées 108

  École Libre des Sciences Politiques 272, 408

  École Militaire Spéciale see Saint-Cyr

  École Normale de Sèvres 378

  École Normale Supérieure 109, 268, 274, 414, 438

  École Polytechnique 107–8, 328–9, 333, 361

  Edgeworth, Maria 143

  education

  primary 2, 103–4, 140, 326, 340–45

  secondary 105, 135–6, 326–9, 342

  higher 105, 327

  Edward VII 195, 425

  Edwards, Blanche, doctor 379, 380, 383

  Egypt

  Napoleon in (1798) 5, 19, 20, 21

  French support viceroy of 221–2

  French visitors to 223

  Suez Canal built 225–6

  France loses (1882) 226, 417–20

  Eiffel, Gustave, engineer 103, 333

  Eiffel Tower 397, 403

  Elba, island of 40

  Elections, legislative

  (1797) 24

  (1798) 24

  (1799) 24

  (1815) 43, 73

  (1848) 55

  (1849) 58, 84

  (1852) 61–2

  (1857) 62

  (1863) 64, 89

  (1869) 64

  (1871) 238–9, 246–7, 290

  (1876) 252