Children of the Revolution Page 65

  (1877) 253

  (1881) 257, 260, 344

  (1885) 257, 260, 344

  (1889) 264

  (1893) 268, 270, 302

  (1898) 275, 356

  (1902) 281, 282, 360

  (1906) 281, 284, 360

  (1910) 281, 285

  (1914) 281, 288

  Empire, First (1804–15)

  political system 61–3

  political elites 60–61, 107

  religion 6, 12, 29, 32

  liberalization 42

  foreign policy 32–5, 37–8

  Empire, Second (1852–70)

  political system 61–3

  political elites 60–61, 107

  religion 138

  economic boom 86–7, 88

  urban development 86–7

  liberalization 9, 63–5

  foreign policy 63, 198, 202–3

  Enfantin, Prosper, utopian 161–2

  Enghien, Duc d’ (executed 1805) 31

  Entente Cordiale, the (1904) 425, 435

  Erckmann, Émile, writer 295

  Esquiros, Alphonse, republican 234

  Esterhazy, Major Ferdinand 273

  Estourbeillon, Marquis de l’, regionalist 301

  Étienne, Eugène, colonialist 13, 421, 422, 425

  Eudes, Émile, revolutionary 241, 258, 259, 263

  Eugénie, Empress 61, 87, 153, 198, 226

  exhibitions, international

  (1855) 194–5, 196

  (1867) 151, 195

  (1889) 292, 333, 397

  (1900) 292, 320, 424

  Eylau, battle of (1807) 33, 34

  Fabre, Joseph, politician 352

  Fallières, Armand, president of the Republic 280, 286

  Falloux, Comte Alfred de, royalist 55, 58, 60, 62, 85, 86, 89, 239, 247, 248, 249

  Fashoda crisis (1898) 422–3

  Faubourg Saint-Germain 74, 81, 110, 115–16, 146, 335, 336

  Faucher, Léon, economist 209, 210

  Faure, Félix, president of the Republic 272, 274, 276

  Faure, Maurice, politician 306

  Faure, Sébastien, anarchist 269

  Fauré, Gabriel, composer 399

  Favre, Jules, politician 52–3, 63, 231, 232, 238, 362

  Fayard, Joseph, publisher 414

  Federation of Agricultural Workers of the Midi 316

  Federation of Landworkers 316

  Fédération des Bourses du Travail (1892) 266, 270, 282

  Fédération des Travailleurs Socialistes de France, or Possibilists (1882) 258, 266

  Fédération Nationale des Syndicats 267, 270

  Fédération Républicaine (1902) 281, 307

  Fédération Régionaliste Française (1900) 301, 307

  Félibrige, the 297–9, 300, 316

  Félix, Élisa-Rachel, actress, 179

  Fénéon, Félix, art critic 269, 394, 396, 397

  Ferdinand VII, king of Spain 47

  Ferré, Théophile, revolutionary 241

  Ferroul, Ernest, mayor of Narbonne 316

  Ferry, Jules, politician

  republican opposition 9, 63, 87, 89

  marriage 256

  mayor of Paris 235, 237, 240, 259

  political base 256

  education reforms of 10, 254, 342–4, 345

  prime minister 255, 257, 260, 321

  colonial projects 416, 418

  and presidency of the Republic 261–2

  Fesch, Cardinal, archbishop of Lyon 32

  Fête de la Fédération (1790) 4

  Fez, Treaty of (1912) 431

  Fieschi, Joseph, conspirator 53

  Fiévée, Joseph, polemicist 143, 207–8

  Flahaut, Comtesse de 116

  Flamidien Affair (1899) 346–7

  Flanders 124–5, 346, 355

  Flaubert, Gustave

  early career 189

  Madame Bovary 189–90, 191–2, 329

  Salammbô 224

  Sentimental Education 190–91

  Temptation of St Antony 244

  and George Sand 148–9, 191, 233, 244, 296

  travels in France 79

  on Italy 202

  visits the Orient 189, 223–4

  in 1870–71 233, 244, 245

  in Third Republic 391, 392

  death 391

  Floquet, Charles, politician 10, 63, 256, 264

  Flourens, Gustave, revolutionary 237, 240, 241

  Fokine, Michel, Russian choreographer 15

  Folies Bergère 237, 407

  football 408, 409

  Forbach, battle of (1870) 230

  Fouché, Joseph

  representative on mission 22

  minister of police (1799) 25, 29, 31

  and Napoleon 34

  at Restoration 42, 43

  Fougères 319, 328, 329, 374

  Fouillée, Augustine, writer 296

  Fould, Achille, banker and politician 58

  Fould, Benedict, banker 60

  Foulon, Louis, cartoonist 405–6

  Fourmies, massacre at (1891) 267, 419

  France, Anatole, writer 397, 398, 402

  Franche-Comté

  and counter-revolution 71–2

  peasantry of 93

  religious life in 125

  Francis II, emperor of Austria 33

  Frankfurt, Treaty of (1871) 410, 411

  Franqueville, Charles de 4, 107

  Frederick the Great 33, 206, 337

  Frederick William III, King of Prussia 38

  freemasons 242–3, 283, 356, 424

  Frégier, Honoré-Antoine, writer 80–81, 82

  Fréjus 19, 27

  Frémiet, Emmanuel, sculptor 13, 338, 391

  French League for Women’s Rights (1882) 382, 383

  French Union for Women’s Suffrage (1907) 387

  Freppel, Mgr Charles-Émile, bishop and politician 393–4

  Freycinet, Charles de, technician and politician 232, 252, 259, 260, 342

  Friedland, battle of (1807) 33, 186

  Froeschwiller, battle of (1870) 230

  Froment, Pierre, polemicist 356

  Frotté, Louis de, royalist 2, 26, 30

  Fustel de Coulanges, Numa Denis, historian 11, 412, 413, 415

  Gaboriau, Émile, writer 7, 193

  Galliéni, General Joseph-Simon 13, 415, 416, 421, 422, 423, 424

  Gallifet, General Gaston 278

  Gambetta, Léon

  early career 106, 353

  republican opposition 64, 90, 397

  republican dictator (1870–71) 231–4, 252, 290

  republican orator (1871–7) 239–47, 250, 252, 280, 340, 341, 411

  republican politician (1877–82) 254, 255, 256, 260, 279, 397

  Gard 73–4

  Garnier, Abbé 355

  Gauguin, Paul, artist 395, 396

  Gautier, Théophile, artist and poet 75, 145, 188, 218–19, 236, 391

  Gay, Delphine see Girardin, Delphine de

  Gay, Sophie 145, 170, 172

  Gayraud, Abbé Hippolyte 355

  generations

  revolutionary (born c. 1760) 3–6

  Romantic (born c. 1800) 6–9

  Realist (born c. 1830) 9–11, 339

  of rejuvenators (born c. 1860) 11–13

  of sacrifice (born c. 1890) 13–15

  Gent, Alphonse 9, 234

  George, Stefan, poet 394

  Gérard, Baron François, artist 172, 183, 184

  Géricault, Théodore, artist 184, 185

  Germany

  under Napoleonic rule 33, 34, 205

  French views of 203–7

  German Confederation 205

  German unification 207

  and war of 1870–71 65, 230–31, 233, 410–11

  revanche against 411–12, 413

  colonial deals with 416–17, 421

  war scare (1887) 418

  and Morocco crises 3, 14, 425–6, 430–32

  and outbreak of war (1914) 433–6

  Gérôme, Jean-Léon, artist 196–7, 198,
391

  Giard, Alfred, politician 317

  Gide, André, writer 12, 394, 402

  Girardin, Delphine de 8–9, 145–6, 160–61, 172, 173, 383

  Girardin, Émile de 146, 173, 174, 176

  Girodet, Anne-Louis, artist, 183

  Girondins 54

  Gobineau, Arthur de 11, 291

  goguettes 180, 406

  Goncourt, Edmond de, writer 190, 197, 236, 238, 242, 244, 245, 298, 391, 392, 406

  Goncourt, Jules de, writer 190, 197, 236, 391

  Goncourt Prize 452

  Goudeau, Émile, impresario 15, 406

  Gouges, Olympe de, revolutionary 158

  Gould, Anna, American heiress 276, 335, 371

  Gounod, Charles, composer 88, 194, 391, 397

  Gramont, Agénor, Duc de, foreign minister 65, 335

  Granger, Ernest, revolutionary 258, 259

  Grave, Jean, anarchist 269, 270, 397

  Great Britain

  and revolutionary–Napoleonic wars 19–21, 25, 33

  French views of 207–10

  and crisis of 1840 221

  colonial rivalry with 416–17, 421–3

  Entente Cordiale with (1904) 425, 435

  Greffulhe, Comtesse Élisabeth de 336, 401

  Grégoire, Abbé 46

  Grenoble 36, 40, 78

  Grévy, Jules, president of the Republic 254, 260–62

  Gros, Baron Antoine-Jean, artist 175, 183, 184, 186

  Grunebaum-Ballin, Paul 359

  Guéhenno, Jean, writer 328–9

  Guérin, Jules, anti-Semite 10, 275, 276, 278, 279

  Guérin, Marguerite, trader 103

  Guesde, Jules, socialist 258, 259, 267, 268, 270, 274, 275, 281, 288, 302, 346

  Guibert, Yvette, singer 407

  Guillaumin, Émile, peasant writer 311–12, 316

  Guizot, François

  and restored monarchy 39, 40, 45, 48–9

  and July Monarchy 50, 51, 53, 54, 115, 221

  Empire 63

  education reforms of 103–4, 395

  gymnastics 408–9

  Gyp, writer 364–6, 384

  Hachette, Louis, publisher 192, 306

  Hamilton, Anna, nursing reformer 380

  Hanska, Countess Anna de 173

  Haussez, Baron d’ 209

  Haussmann, Baron Georges 61, 82–4, 86–7

  Haussonville, Comte d’ 116

  Hayward, Léon, publicist 15, 405

  Hazebrouck 124, 355

  Hénon, Louis, Lyon politician 89, 234, 242, 290

  Henri I V, king of France 44, 249

  Henry, Émile, anarchist 269

  Henry, Colonel Hubert Joseph 276, 306, 384

  Héricourt, Jenny d’, feminist 6, 164–5, 381

  Herr, Lucien, intellectual 10, 268

  Herriot, Édouard, politician 304, 328, 329

  Hersert, Louis, artist 145, 184

  Hervé, Gustave, socialist 427, 432, 435

  Herz, Cornelius, promoter 265

  Hetzel, P.-J., publisher 403

  Hohenlinden, battle of (1800) 32

  Holy Roman Empire, dissolution of (1806) 33

  horse-racing 15

  Houdin, Robert, conjuror 15, 407

  Hugo, Victor

  family background 8, 38

  and restored monarchy 53, 55, 169–70

  and Napoleon I 55

  and Napoleon III 59, 236

  and Catholic Church 138

  and Third Republic 231–2, 237, 238, 252, 342

  Hernani 145, 170, 171, 178

  Marion Delorme 170

  Notre-Dame de Paris 171

  travels in France 66–7, 308

  younger writers and 189, 190

  Huysmans, Joris-Karl, writer 392, 394, 396, 406

  Ibsen, Henrik, Norwegian playwright 396

  Impressionists 197, 392–3, 395

  India 20

  Indo-China 13, 418, 425

  industry

  automobile 319, 334

  clothing 156–7, 373–4

  coal 94, 114, 317–18, 320, 322, 372

  female labour in 155–7, 374–5

  iron and steel 315–21

  mechanization of 319–20

  printing 320, 375

  textile 94, 15–7, 319, 320, 373

  Ingres, Jean Auguste Dominique, artist 183, 185, 186, 187

  instituteurs see teachers, primary

  International Antimilitarist Association (1904) 426–7

  International, Second Socialist (1889) 267, 434

  International Workers’ Association (1866)

  under Second Empire 10, 101

  in 1870–71 234, 239, 243

  banned (1872) 248

  anti-authoritarian 258

  Italy

  French rule in 5, 20, 34, 199–201

  under Austrian rule (1814–59) 201–2

  French support for Papacy (1849) 138

  French support for national unifi cation 138, 202–3, 231

  French views of 199–203

  migrants from 318–19, 321

  Jacobin dictatorship (1793–4) 5

  Jacobins

  in opposition to Directory 21, 22–5, 27